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Arnimal : A Leading
Light
Jai Kishori Pandit
Arnimal was the
wife of Munshi Bhawani Das, an erudite Persian scholar in the court of Jumma
Khan, who was the Afghan Governor of Kashmir from 1788 to 1792 AD. Born in the
eighteenth century, nearly two hundred years after Habba Khatoon, Arnimal
followed in the wake of the tradition of her predecessor and made the love
lyrics adopted by Habba Khatoon more of a plaintive wail. Arnimal's lyrics are
masterpieces of Kashmiri language. The word pictures of delicate sentiments
drawn by her are so vivid, real and charming that very few Kashmiri poets have
reached the standard set by her. Most of these lyrics have been set to music and
are sung even now by Kashmiri minstrels with great interest and gusto.
In the sub-continent of India, it is the unique
distinction of Kashmir that she has produced poets and writers who have, from
early times, left literary compositions in verse and in prose to enlighten us
about their respective times and their own lives. But with the Afghan rule in
Kashmir in the eighteenth century, the Kashmiri Hindu woman had lost much of her
talent and zest for life. Historically the position of Kashmiri women was in
many ways better than her counterparts in other regions of the country.
Traditionally the Kashmiri woman had enjoyed a certain freedom in society. She
had wielded power, exercised responsibility and enjoyed a high status up to the
end of the 13th century. But towards the 14th century, she was no more educated;
she had ceased to dabble in politics, she was denied the pleasure of singing,
dancing and other creative arts of self-expression but even in such pitiable
conditions a Kashmiri Pandit woman preserved the right to free movement. So when
queens and ladies of the upper strata surrendered before the fanaticism of men,
the women and men of lower classes stuck to their resolve of defending their
rights of freedom, however, restricted. According to research by a Kashmir woman
scholar, Momeen Jan, in the beginning of the 14th century, some powerful Muslim
rulers introduced the system of purdah and the upper class Hindu women followed
suit. The introduction of purdah, according to her, signalled a decline in the
status of Kashmiri women, who began to be confined in their houses. A great blow
was dealt by the Afghan rulers, who would humiliate and molest Kashmiri women.
Under these conditions purdah began to be used more vigorously. The women in the
middle ages fought for their right of free movement and self-expression. Little
wonder that it was in these classes that heroines were born during the middle
ages. Lal Ded, Habba Khatoon and Arnimal were known celebrities, who stood above
the rest in stature and who achieved undying fame in philosophy and shrewdness
in poetry. These heroines sprang from no soil of respectability but were the
progeny of poor and toiling parents.
Under the Mughals, the Kashmiri women lost their
liberty; their rights and privileges were snatched away partly by law and mainly
by discouragement and disapproval of the ruling class.
In the eighteenth century, in the year 1752 AD, the
Afghan adventurer Ahmad Shah Abdali, captured Kashmir from the Mughals and with
the Afghan occupation the ease loving people of this heaven on earth passed
through severe trials and hardships. The women were the worst sufferers. Shri
P.N. Bazaz writes in his Daughters of Vitasta, "Horrifying are the tales
related of the barbarities, which were perpetrated on women whose very fault was
that they happened to be handsome in appearance and graceful in form." To
save womenfolk from the wild behaviour of the cruel masters, the Kashmiris
introduced the practice of wearing veils. Within the four walls of the Hindu
homes young women had to conceal their faces by sleeves of their long loose
gowns (Pheran) from the gaze of men. It was known as Nor Dion (concealment by
sleeve). This confinement snatched away all the charm and intellect from these
Kashmiri women. Their intellect rusted and their physical charm faded away. Yet
the undying embers occasionally threw out a spark, which illuminated the
darkness around. It is in this context that Shri P.N. Bazaz sees "two brave
souls" as two leading lights of the dark age in Kudamal and Arnimal.
Kudamal appeared on the scene in the time of Sardar
Mohamad Azim Khan, a heartless Afghan governor, who ruled Kashmir from 1813 to
1819 AD. His ruthless methods of inhuman torture and savagery to collect new
taxes levied on Kashmiri Hindus were limitless. The lawlessness of the Afghan
mercenaries remained unchecked. Eminent Kashmiri Pandits were forced to
perpetrate a rule of terror on people for not paying taxes. Many Pandits became
the target of Azim Khan's ruthlessness and arrogance. Pt. Birbal Dhar, who was a
high official and revenue collector under the Afghan government became the chief
victim of Azim Khan's wrath. In consultation with other patriotic and
influential people of his time Pt. Birbal chalked out a plan to liberate the
valley from the clutches of uncultured Afghans. So he along with his son Raj Kak
tried to approach Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab. When Azim Khan learnt about
the plan hatched by Birbal Dhar and some Muslim feudal lords, orders were issued
to apprehend and produce in court the wife of Birbal Dhar (Kudamal) along with
her teenaged daughter-in-law. In spite of the protection given to these ladies
by the loyal Muslim friends of Birbal Dhar, both the ladies were located and
seized. Kudamal was an experienced and politically conscious lady. She made up
her mind to end her life and not to surrender to the shameful and brutal
behaviour of the Afghan governor. The brave lady gulped a piece of almas (a
precious stone), which was studded to her gold ring. It had its effect and she
breathed her last after declaring the bitter truth to the very face of Azim
Khan. She spoke to him bravely that the days of his tyrannical regime were
numbered and the deliverance of Kashmir from his rule was certain. The prophecy
of Kudamal was fulfilled by the subsequent events after her death
Another great woman belonging to the same dark age was
Arimal. She deserves praise and admiration for her boldness in facing
misfortunes and for the invaluable contribution which she made to Kashmiri
literature though her ordeal and heroism were of a different kind. Daughter of a
respectable family and wedded to a person of a great family, Arnimal (1737 -
1778) was pretty, imaginative and accomplished but all through her life she
suffered pangs and torments of separation from her beloved husband, Bhawani Das
Kachru. Jumma Khan was no less a harsh Pathan Subedar than others but he
patronized learning and respected scholars. It was during his days that Munshi
Bhawani Das Kachru a Pandit literateur, flourished as a Persian poet. As a
common practice in the Afghan days, Arnimal was married in her childhood. Before
attaining the bloom of her youth, she was deserted by her poet husband for some
unknown reasons. J. L. Koul writes, “It is curious that the three most famous
women poets of Kashmiri (Lal Ded, Habba Khatoon and Arimal) separated from one
another by intervals of about two centuries, should have suffered domestic
unhappiness at their husbands' homes and thus learnt in suffering what they sang
in their songs."
The separation from her husband proved painful and
tormenting for Arnimal and her emotions were terribly stirred. As a result of
this sorrow and unhappiness was born the most melodious poetry full of pathos
and grief. Here I am reminded of the immortal lines from the poem, Ode to
Skylark, written by P.B. Shelley, a great romantic English poet of the
nineteenth century. He writes:
"We look before and after,
And pine for what is not;
Our sincerest laughter
With some pain is fraught;
Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought."
The importance of the love-lyrics written by Arnimal lies
in this that they reflect the sorrow, sufferings, passions and longings of
common Pandit women of the valley of Kashmir. Lamenting the absence of her
beloved husband, Shri Bhawani Das, Arnimal said :
Shri P.N. Bazaz has transtated the lyric as:
(Owing to the pangs of separation) my complexion
"Which was like July jasmine
Has assumed the pallor of the yellow rose
O, when will he come to let me have
A look at his beloved face!"
Arnimal thinks that people, devoid of fine feelings and
sensibilities, cracked jokes at her expense. She has become the object of
taunts. But all this does not change her mind. The intensity of feelings made
her complaints deeply touching. She continues to long for her beloved husband
with great devotion and love. She says :
Prof. Jai Lal Koul translates the lyric as follows:
I have filled cups on cups for love
Go and cry out to him
Across hillsides and meadows green
I send him tender thoughts
Like deer he roams the woods afar
And leaves me here to grieve
Go and cry out to him
Arnimal's lyrics are musical; it has melodious music with
its musical rhymes and ever-recurring refrains, its alliterations and its
assonances that come most spontaneously from the depth of her heart. All her
songs deal with human emotions and are intensely subjective. Many people who
enjoy listening to music and seeing paintings, find it difficult to appreciate
poetry and a suggestion as how to approach a song or a lyric is to read it
aloud. Poetry uses the musical sounds and rhythms of words. Though the printed
words on the page may seem flat but the actual sound and rhythm of the spoken
words help the lines to come alive. It is best when reading or hearing a song
that its significance begins to dawn on us. A poet uses images and we need to
pay close attention to the words and sounds of poetry. A poet also loves to
transpose his or her experience into a setting which is familiar to him or her.
Arnimal uses images and settings most familiar to her. "Arnimal" for
instance, literally interpretted, means in Kashmiri "the garland of Arni
rose," the wild pale rose common in the country side. She weaves a delicate
imagery out of her own name when she says:
A summer jasmine I had bloomed
But now have turned a yellow rose
When will my love come unto me?
Born in the picturesque village of Palhalan, thirty kms
away from Srinagar, Arnimal was just fitted to voice the fears and frustrations
of a suppressed Kashmiri woman as she was brought up in the charming
surroundings of broad leafed chinars, tall slender poplars, calm lakes and
majestic mountains at her father's place. Her lol-lyrics have captured the
hearts of almost all Kashmiri knowing people. All her songs have been set to
music and their imagery and pathos are moving to the extreme. The music and
pathos in the following lines are very touching :
Shri P.N. Bazaz translates the lyric as:
When will thy feet touch lay courtyard
I will place them on my head, O come!
For love I left my home and hearth
And tore the veil, O come!
Again she says
May Love, my jasmine, I long for thee
Come O come, I long for thee
I plighted when young my troth to thee
Why didst thou break thy plighted troth?
O sweet, O dear, I long for thee
Genuine love is abiding and perennial; it can never die or
disappear; it knows neither dismay nor frustration. The sole desire of the lover
is that the beloved may be happy wherever he is. The hope that both will be
re-united sustains Arnimal through thick and thin. The thought of such future
re-union gives her joy and courage to endure the mocks of friends and sneers of
foes. She says :
"My rivals are throwing taunts at me
Since the beloved has ceased to talk to me
Won't he come for a short while and show me
His face, so that I should offer
My arterial blood as sacrifice for his safety?
The poetry of Arnimal is devoid of the mystic touch and of
religious experiences. It speaks of the heart of the human soul. After
separation from her husband, the spinning wheel became her constant companion
and she composed her songs in tune with the sound of the revolving wheel. Its
sound could not but remind her of the tragic story of her own life. She sang :
In English it is rendered as:
Murmur not my spinning wheel,
Thy straw-rings I will oil
From under the sod, O Hyacinth,
Raise thy stately form
For look, the narcissus is waiting
With cups of wine for you
The jasmine will not bloom again
When once it fades away
Arnimal's songs are poignant in their pathos, helplessness
and resignation to one's fate but there is no malice found any where in them.
There is an undercurrent of quiet fortitude which is characteristic of the
age-old suffering of a Kashmiri Pandit woman especially when she is unhappily
married or due to ill luck separated from her beloved husband. There seems to be
little doubt that Arnimal, deserted and maltreated by her husband, lived at her
father's home for long spells of time. In most of her songs, therefore, she
expresses frustration. She always craved for the nearness of her husband. She
pleaded him with all sweet things in life but he always duped her. She pleads :
I treated him to candy sweet
He took my heart and I was duped
Now he is gone, and I am made
A laughing stock for an to see
Will no one tell him what I feel?
Let us arise at early dawn
And seek my love
On hills and mountains high
I wait and wait expectantly,
When will my love come unto me?
Besides fortitude and resignation, these lyrics breathe a
note of dissatisfaction if not revolt against the age-old custom which condemned
the Hindu woman of Kashmir if she experienced unhappy marriage and unfaithful
love. Thus her lyrics give voice to many voiceless Kashmiri women of her time
and these lend the same musical and spontaneous voice to all such women who
suffer silently in all ages. Composition of songs became a spontaneous mode of
expression with Animal. Gradually she acquired mastery over words and invented a
unique style of expression. Some of these lyrics have become classics in
Kashmiri language. She surpasses some of the most talented English poets in the
use of alliteration and imagery. Just listen to the lyric she wrote :
Tell me, O Friend, who can trust whom?
What deception he worked on me!
Pulling at my wrists in deep sleep,
He hurt my very vitals.
Taking away, all my gold,
What deception he worked on me!
In English poetry one comes across instances of such
intense emotions coupled with an intense display of imagery and alliteration.
John Keats, a great poet of the romantic era of the nineteenth century
scintillates his odes with many verbal gems. Like Animal, he experienced
frustration in love and knew the pain and fever of passion. In his Ode to
Autumn, he makes use of alliteration spontaneously. He
writes :
Seasons of mists and mellow fruitfulness
Close bosom friend of maturing sun
The lyrics of Arnimal and odes of John Keats traverse the
entire range of emotions, including protests, love, sorrow and weariness. Both
of them succeeded in transferring their personal trials and tribulations into
universal ones. In this way, Arnimal has become one of the leading lights of the
Kashmiri Hindu women who are the best examples of self-sacrifice and embodiments
of love. A cursory study of her life and lyrics is enough to establish the
poetical genius and mastery of technique achieved by that unlettered woman who
belonged to the dark age of Afghan rule in Kashmir in the eighteenth century and
yet she stands as the leading light of the unhappy period of history in the life
of Kashmiri Pandits, both men and women.
Bibliography
1. Daughters of Vitasta by Prem Nath Bazaz
Pamposh Publications, New Delhi.
2. A History of Kashmir by Prithvi Nath Koul Bamzai,
Metropolitan Book Co (Pvt) Ltd.
New Delhi ( 1st edition, 1962 ).
3. Studies in Kashmiri by Jai Lal Koul,
Kapoor Brothers, Srinagar, Kashmir.
4.
5. Palgrave's Golden Treasury.
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