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Omkar N. Koul
- Transcription
- Introduction
- References
- Lesson 1
Lesson 2
- Lesson 3
- Lesson 4
- Lesson 5
- Lesson 6
- Lesson 7
- Lesson 8
- Lesson 9
- Lesson 10
- Lesson 11
- Lesson 12
- Lesson 13
- Lesson 14
- Lesson 15
- Lesson 16
- Lesson 17
- Lesson 18
- Lesson 19
- Lesson 20
- Appendix
- PDF format
   
Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course

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LESSON 9

Lesson

Drills

Exercises

Notes

Vocabulary

Notes

Imperative constructions
The imperative constructions are f.mp3ed by using the imperative f.mp3s of the verbs and the second person subject can be dropped. Imperative verb f.mp3s are of two types: singular and plural. The singular non-honorific f.mp3s are derived by adding suffix to the verb root f.mp3s and the plural f.mp3s are derived by adding -iv suffix to the verb roots. Notice that in case the verb root ends in a vowel, /y/ glide is inserted between the two vowels. The plural f.mp3s are used for honorific singular person as well. The singular f.mp3s are thus used for non-honorific singulars alone.


Notice that when the suffix -iv is added to the root the vowel of the stem is raised in height as a result of vowel h.mp3ony rule. E.g.

Jussiv imperatives
In Kashmiri, besides the simple imperative f.mp3s indicated above, there are additional two f.mp3s of jussive imperative f.mp3s which are f.mp3ed by adding the suffix -tI to the verb roots in their singular (non-honorific), and -ytav to the verb roots for f.mp3ing the plural or honorific singular f.mp3s:

Notice that the initial /y/ of the suffix results in the palatalization of the stem final consonant. It also causes the raising of the vowel of the stem in height. Semantically, jussive imperative f.mp3s carry extra emphasis, request or definiteness of the proposed action.

Conjunct verbs
A noun (or an adjective) and a verb are conjoined to f.mp3 conjunct verbs. In this case the main verb takes all the inflexions required. Examples of the conjunct verbs introduced in the present lesson are:

The negative particles 
The negative particle mI 'don't' is used with simple imperative f.mp3s of the verbs and the negative particle matI with the jussive imperative f.mp3s. These morphemes precede the imperative f.mp3s of verbs. E.g.

 

Lesson Drills Exercises Notes Vocabulary
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